Recent refinements of the geographical patterns and age of C2-M217 and its sub-lineages pointed out C2*-ST as part of the founder paternal lineages of all Mongolic-speaking populations, rather than Genghis Khan himself or his relatives. C2-M217(xM48) patrilineage (embedding C2-M401 and its derivative C2*-ST) is nowadays amplified in Mongols, populations bordering on Mongolia and in north Eurasians. Altaic-speaking pastoral nomadic populations are mostly carriers of the pan-Eurasian C2-M217 Y-lineage. At genetic level, the Indo-European language has been related to the major Y-chromosome R1-M17 lineage assigned to the centrifugal expansion of the Yamna culture. Altaic languages include at least Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic families and are spoken from Turkey and Moldova to Russian Far East (Fig. The different Steppe nomads were successively Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Altaic-speakers. The khans enjoyed strong social prestige, so did their relatives and descendants, resulting in selection pressure by culture for many generations. Noteworthy were the European Huns led by Attila, who reached Europe at the fourth century CE, and the Mongol khans (emperors), who conquered most of Eurasia between the third century BCE and thirteenth century CE.
įollowing the decline of the Scythians, nomadic horsemen peoples flourished in the Altai, near Lake Baikal and in Selenga valley, later migrating to Central Europe where they mingled with the Franco-Germanic populations.
When they reigned over the greater part of Central Asia steppes, the Scythians had an important part in the establishment of transcontinental trade, notably the Silk Road. Originating from the Andronovo culture near the Volga river, they occupied the Pontic of the Black Sea (611 BCE), dominated Mesopotamia and Judea, reached Egypt and penetrated several times into Central Europe. The Iron Age Scythians (about 700 to 300 BCE) is another outstanding example of Eurasian expansion. Additionally, this work contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of immunogenic erythrocyte polymorphisms with a view to improve transfusion safety. The present study has highlighted the gene-culture co-migration with the demographic movements that occurred during the past two millennia in Central and East Asia. We revealed that DI*01 reaches its highest frequency in Mongolia, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan, expanding southward and westward across Asia with Altaic-speaking nomadic carriers of C2-M217, and even more precisely C2-M401, from their homeland presumably in Mongolia, between the third century BCE and the thirteenth century CE. To shed light on the dispersal of the Di a antigen, we performed analyses of correlations between the frequencies of DI*01 allele, C2-M217 and C2-M401 Y-chromosome haplotypes ascribed as being of Mongolian-origin and language affiliations, in 75 Eurasian populations including DI*01 frequency data from the HGDP-CEPH panel. In Eurasia, the distribution of Diego blood group system polymorphisms remains unaddressed. Red cell polymorphisms can provide evidence of human migration and adaptation patterns.
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